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How Do You Know if Shrimp Is Done

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Decapod crustaceans

Shrimp are decapod crustaceans with elongated bodies and a primarily swimming mode of locomotion – most commonly Caridea and Dendrobranchiata. More narrow definitions may be restricted to Caridea, to smaller species of either group or to only the marine species. Under a broader definition, shrimp may exist synonymous with prawn, covering stalk-eyed swimming crustaceans with long, narrow muscular tails (abdomens), long whiskers (antennae), and slender legs.[1] Any minor crustacean which resembles a shrimp tends to exist called one.[ii] They swim forward past paddling with swimmerets on the underside of their abdomens, although their escape response is typically repeated flicks with the tail driving them backwards very apace. Crabs and lobsters have strong walking legs, whereas shrimp accept thin, fragile legs which they utilise primarily for perching.[3]

Shrimp are widespread and abundant. There are thousands of species adapted to a wide range of habitats. They can exist found feeding near the seafloor on almost coasts and estuaries, also as in rivers and lakes. To escape predators, some species flip off the seafloor and dive into the sediment.[3] They ordinarily live from one to vii years.[4] Shrimp are ofttimes solitary, though they tin form large schools during the spawning flavor.[3] [5]

They play important roles in the food chain and are an of import nutrient source for larger animals ranging from fish to whales. The muscular tails of many shrimp are edible to humans, and they are widely caught and farmed for homo consumption. Commercial shrimp species support an industry worth fifty billion dollars a year,[iii] and in 2010 the full commercial product of shrimp was almost 7 million tonnes. Shrimp farming became more prevalent during the 1980s, particularly in People's republic of china, and by 2007 the harvest from shrimp farms exceeded the capture of wild shrimp. In that location are significant issues with excessive bycatch when shrimp are captured in the wild, and with pollution damage done to estuaries when they are used to back up shrimp farming. Many shrimp species are small as the term shrimp suggests, most 2 cm (0.79 in) long, but some shrimp exceed 25 cm (9.8 in). Larger shrimp are more than likely to be targeted commercially and are often referred to as prawns, peculiarly in United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland.

Classification

Shrimp and prawn

From Raymond Bauer in Remarkable Shrimps:[6]

  • Shrimp is characteristically used to refer to those crustaceans with long antennae, slender legs, and a laterally compressed, muscular abdomen that is highly adapted for both forwards swimming and a backward (retrograde) escape response.
  • Prawn is often used as a synonym of shrimp for penaeoidean and caridean shrimp, specially those of large size.

From the English language Oxford Dictionaries:

  • Shrimp: a minor free-swimming crustacean with an elongated body, typically marine and often of commercial importance as food.[vii]
  • Prawn: a marine crustacean which resembles a large shrimp.[eight]

Shrimp are pond crustaceans with long narrow muscular abdomens and long antennae. Unlike crabs and lobsters, shrimp have well developed pleopods (swimmerets) and slender walking legs; they are more adjusted for swimming than walking. Historically, it was the distinction between walking and swimming that formed the primary taxonomic partition into the former suborders Natantia and Reptantia. Members of the Natantia (shrimp in the broader sense) were adapted for pond while the Reptantia (crabs, lobsters, etc.) were adjusted for crawling or walking.[ix] Another groups as well accept common names that include the word "shrimp";[10] whatsoever small swimming crustacean resembling a shrimp tends to be called ane.[3]

Differences between shrimp, lobsters and crabs

Shrimp shrimp

Clawed lobster lobsters Spiny lobster

Mud crab venereal

Shrimp are slender with long muscular abdomens. They expect somewhat like small lobsters, but not like crabs. The abdomens of venereal are small and short, whereas the abdomens of lobsters and shrimp are large and long. The lower abdomens of shrimp support pleopods which are well-adapted for swimming. The carapaces of crabs are wide and flat, whereas the carapaces of lobsters and shrimp are more cylindrical. The antennae of crabs are short, whereas the antennae of lobsters and shrimp are usually long, reaching more than twice the body length in some shrimp species.[3] [10] [eleven] [12] Clawed lobsters (pictured left) and spiny lobsters (pictured right) are an intermediate evolutionary development between shrimp and crabs. They look somewhat like large versions of shrimp. Clawed lobsters have large claws while spiny lobsters practise not, having instead spiny antennae and carapace. Some of the biggest decapods are lobsters. Like crabs, lobsters have robust legs and are highly adapted for walking on the seafloor, though they do not walk sideways. Some species accept rudimentary pleopods, which give them some ability to swim, and like shrimp they can lobster with their tail to escape predators, but their primary mode of locomotion is walking, not pond.[3] [10] [11] [13] Crabs evolved from early shrimp, though they do not expect like shrimp. Unlike shrimp, their abdomens are small, and they have short antennae and short carapaces that are broad and flat. They have prominent grasping claws as their forepart pair of limbs. Crabs are adjusted for walking on the seafloor. They take robust legs and usually motility about the seafloor by walking sideways. They have pleopods, but they use them as intromittent organs or to hold egg broods, not for swimming. Whereas shrimp and lobsters escape predators by lobstering, venereal cling to the seafloor and burrow into sediment. Compared to shrimp and lobsters, the carapaces of crabs are particularly heavy, hard and mineralized.[3] [10] [11] [fourteen] [15]

Description

The following clarification refers mainly to the external beefcake of the mutual European shrimp, Crangon crangon, as a typical example of a decapod shrimp. The trunk of the shrimp is divided into two primary parts: the head and thorax which are fused together to form the cephalothorax, and a long narrow abdomen. The shell which protects the cephalothorax is harder and thicker than the vanquish elsewhere on the shrimp and is called the carapace. The carapace typically surrounds the gills, through which water is pumped by the activeness of the mouthparts.[16] The rostrum, eyes, whiskers and legs likewise issue from the carapace. The rostrum, from the Latin rōstrum meaning bill, looks like a beak or pointed nose at the forepart of the shrimp's head. Information technology is a rigid frontwards extension of the carapace and can be used for set on or defense. It may also stabilize the shrimp when it swims astern. Two bulbous eyes on stalks sit either side of the rostrum. These are compound eyes which have panoramic vision and are very good at detecting movement. Two pairs of whiskers (antennae) also consequence from the caput. One of these pairs is very long and can exist twice the length of the shrimp, while the other pair is quite brusque. The antennae accept sensors on them which allow the shrimp to experience where they touch, and also allow them to "odour" or "taste" things by sampling the chemicals in the water. The long antennae aid the shrimp orient itself with regard to its immediate surroundings, while the short antennae help appraise the suitability of prey.[3] [10]

8 pairs of appendages issue from the cephalothorax. The kickoff iii pairs, the maxillipeds, Latin for "jaw feet", are used as mouthparts. In Crangon crangon, the first pair, the maxillula, pumps water into the gill crenel. After the maxilliped come 5 more than pairs of appendages, the pereiopods. These class the ten decapod legs. In Crangon crangon, the first two pairs of pereiopods accept claws or chela. The chela can grasp food items and bring them to the mouth. They tin likewise be used for fighting and training. The remaining iv legs are long and slender, and are used for walking or perching.[iii] [ten] [12] [17]

The muscular abdomen has six segments and has a thinner shell than the carapace. Each segment has a divide overlapping shell, which can be transparent. The showtime 5 segments each have a pair of appendages on the underside, which are shaped like paddles and are used for pond forward. The appendages are called pleopods or swimmerets, and tin be used for purposes other than swimming. Some shrimp species apply them for brooding eggs, others have gills on them for breathing, and the males in some species employ the start pair or ii for insemination. The sixth segment terminates in the telson flanked past two pairs of appendages chosen the uropods. The uropods let the shrimp to swim backward, and function like rudders, steering the shrimp when information technology swims forrad. Together, the telson and uropods form a splayed tail fan. If a shrimp is alarmed, it can flex its tail fan in a rapid motion. This results in a astern sprint chosen the caridoid escape reaction (lobstering).[3] [10] [12]

Habitat

Shrimp are widespread, and can be plant nigh the seafloor of most coasts and estuaries, too every bit in rivers and lakes. There are numerous species, and ordinarily in that location is a species adapted to any particular habitat.[three] Most shrimp species are marine, although about a quarter of the described species are found in fresh water.[18] Marine species are found at depths of upwardly to v,000 metres (16,000 ft),[16] and from the tropics to the polar regions. Although shrimp are almost entirely fully aquatic, the ii species of Merguia are semi-terrestrial and spend a significant part of their life on state in mangrove.[19] [twenty]

Behaviour

There are many variations in the ways unlike types of shrimp look and deport. Fifty-fifty within the core grouping of caridean shrimp, the small-scale delicate Pederson's shrimp (higher up) looks and behaves quite dissimilar the large commercial pinkish shrimp or the snapping pistol shrimp.[12] The caridean family of pistol shrimp are characterized by large asymmetrical claws, the larger of which tin can produce a loud snapping sound. The family is diverse and worldwide in distribution, consisting of virtually 600 species.[22] Colonies of snapping shrimp are a major source of noise in the ocean and tin interfere with sonar and underwater advice.[23] [24] [25] The pocket-sized emperor shrimp has a symbiotic human relationship with sea slugs and body of water cucumbers, and may assistance keep them clear of ectoparasites.[26]

Almost shrimp are omnivorous, but some are specialised for particular modes of feeding. Some are filter feeders, using their setose (bristly) legs equally a sieve; some scrape algae from rocks. Cleaner shrimp feed on the parasites and necrotic tissue of the reef fish they groom.[xvi] Some species of shrimp are known to cannibalize others as well if other food sources are not readily available. In turn, shrimp are eaten by various animals, particularly fish and seabirds, and frequently host bopyrid parasites.[16]

Mating

Females of the freshwater shrimp Caridina ensifera are capable of storing sperm from multiple partners, and thus can produce progeny with different paternities.[27] Reproductive success of sires was found to correlate inversely with their genetic relatedness to the mother.[27] This finding suggests that sperm competition and/or pre- and postal service-copulatory female choice occurs. Female option may increase the fitness of progeny past reducing inbreeding depression that unremarkably results from the expression of homozygous deleterious recessive mutations.[28]

Species

Decapods

There is trivial agreement among taxonomists apropos the phylogeny of crustaceans.[29] Within the decapods "every written report gives totally different results. Nor do fifty-fifty 1 of these studies lucifer whatever of the rival morphology studies".[30] Some taxonomists place shrimp with the infraorder Caridea and prawns with the suborder Dendrobranchiata.[31] While different experts give different answers, there is no disagreement that the caridean species are shrimp.[three] In that location are over 3000 caridean species.[32] Occasionally they are referred to equally "true shrimp".[33]

Traditionally decapods were divided into two suborders: the Natantia (or swimmers), and the Reptantia (or walkers). The Natantia or swimmers included the shrimp. They were defined by their abdomen which, together with its appendages was well adjusted for swimming. The Reptantia or walkers included the crabs and lobsters. These species have small intestinal appendages, merely robust legs well adapted for walking. The Natantia was idea to be paraphyletic, that is, information technology was thought that originally all decapods were like shrimp.[34]

However, classifications are now based on clades, and the paraphyletic suborder Natantia has been discontinued. "On this basis, taxonomic classifications at present split the gild Decapoda into the ii suborders: Dendrobranchiata for the largest shrimp clade, and Pleocyemata for all other decapods. The Pleocyemata are in turn divided into half a dozen infra-orders"[34]

  • The taxonomists De Grave and Fransen, 2011, recognise four major groups of shrimp: the suborder Dendrobranchiata and the infraorders Procarididea, Stenopodidea and Caridea".[35] This group is identical to the traditional Natantia grouping, and contains decapods merely.
  • All shrimp of commercial interest belong to the Natantia. The FAO make up one's mind the categories and terminology used in the reporting of global fisheries. They define a shrimp every bit a "decapod crustacean of the suborder Natantia".[36]
  • According to the Codex Alimentarius Commission of the FAO and WHO: "The term shrimp (which includes the frequently used term prawn) refers to the species covered by the most recent edition of the FAO listing of shrimp, FAO Species Catalogue, Volume 1, Shrimps and prawns of the world, an annotated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125."[37] In plow, the Species Catalogue says the highest category it deals with is "the suborder Natantia of the order Crustacea Decapoda to which all shrimps and prawns belong".[38]
Major shrimp groups of the Natantia
Order Suborder Infraorder Image Extant species[32] Description
Decapoda Dendrobranchiata Dendrobranchiata: Giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) 533

Penaeid shrimp

A particularly significant family in this suborder is the Penaeidae, often referred to equally penaeid shrimp or penaeid prawn. Most commercially important species are in this family. See below.

The species in this suborder tend to be larger than the caridean shrimp species below, and many are commercially of import. They are sometimes referred to every bit prawns. Dendrobranchiata, such as the giant tiger prawn pictured, typically have iii pairs of claws, though their claws are less conspicuous than those of other shrimp. They do not brood eggs like the caridean, but shed them direct into the water. Their gills are branching, whereas the gills of caridean shrimp are lamellar. The segments on their abdomens are fifty-fifty-sized, and in that location is no pronounced curve in the abdomen.[3] [6] [13] [39]
Pleocyemata Caridea Caridea: Pink shrimp (Pandalus borealis) 3438 The numerous species in this infraorder are known every bit caridean shrimp, though just a few are commercially of import. They are usually small, nocturnal, difficult to detect (they burrow in the sediment), and of interest mainly to marine biologists. Caridean shrimp, such as the pink shrimp pictured, typically accept ii pairs of claws. Female carideans attach eggs to their pleopods and brood them there. The second abdominal segment overlaps both the offset and the third segment, and the abdomen shows a pronounced caridean curve.[3] [ix] [39] [twoscore]
Procarididea Procarididea: Procaris ascensionis six A small sister group to the Caridea (immediately above)
Stenopodidea Stenopus hispidus (high res).jpg 71 Known as boxer shrimp, the members of this infraorder are often cleaner shrimp. Their third pair of walking legs (pereiopods) are greatly enlarged. The banded coral shrimp (pictured) is popular in aquariums. The Stenopodidea are a much smaller group than the Dendrobranchia and Caridea, and have no commercial importance.[41]

Other decapod crustaceans also chosen shrimp, are the ghost or mud shrimp belonging to the infra-gild Thalassinidea. In Commonwealth of australia they are called yabbies.[42] The monophyly of the group is not certain; contempo studies have suggested dividing the group into ii infraorders, Gebiidea and Axiidea.[35]

Non-decapods

A shrimp seems to be almost any crustacean that isn't a lobster, barnacle, or crab

– Greg Jensen [iii]

A wide variety of non-decapod crustaceans are also commonly referred to as shrimp. This includes the brine shrimp, clam shrimp, fairy shrimp and tadpole shrimp belonging to the branchiopods, the lophogastridan shrimp, opossum shrimp and skeleton shrimp belonging the Malacostraca; and seed shrimp which are ostracods.[3] Many of these species expect quite different the commercial decapod shrimp that are eaten as seafood. For example, skeleton shrimp take brusque legs and a slender tail like a scorpion tail, fairy shrimp swim upside down with pond appendages that look like leaves, and the tiny seed shrimp take bivalved carapaces which they can open or shut.[12] Krill resemble miniature shrimp, and are sometimes called "krill shrimp".[43] [44]

Other species groups normally known equally shrimp
Grade Image Group Extant species Description
Branchiopoda Branchiopoda comes from the Greek branchia meaning gills, and pous meaning feet.[45] They have gills on their feet or mouthparts.[46]
Artemia monica.jpg brine shrimp eight Brine shrimp belong to the genus Artemia. They alive in inland saltwater lakes in unusually high salinities, which protects them from about predators. They produce eggs, called cysts, which can be stored in a fallow land for long periods and then hatched on demand. This has led to the all-encompassing use of alkali shrimp as fish feed in aquaculture.[47] Brine shrimp are sold as novelty gifts nether the marketing name Sea-Monkeys.
California Clam Shrimp (Cyzicus californicus).jpg mollusk shrimp 150 Mollusk shrimp belong to the grouping Conchostraca. These freshwater shrimp accept a hinged bivalved carapace which can open and shut.
EubranchipusGrubii1.jpg fairy shrimp 300 Fairy shrimp belong to the form Anostraca. These 1–10 cm long freshwater or brackish shrimp have no carapace. They swim upside downward with their belly uppermost, with swimming appendages that await similar leaves. Most fairy shrimp are herbivores, and eat simply the algae in the plankton. Their eggs can survive drought and temperature extremes for years, reviving and hatching afterwards the rain returns.[48]
Triops longicaudatus2.jpg polliwog shrimp twenty Tadpole shrimp belong to the family unit Notostraca. These living fossils have not much changed since the Triassic. They are drought-resistant and tin can be constitute preying on fairy shrimp and small fish at the bottom of shallow lakes and temporary pools.[49] The longtail tadpole shrimp (pictured) has three optics and up to 120 legs with gills on them.[fifty] It lives for 20–90 days. Dissimilar populations tin be bisexual, unisexual or hermaphroditic.
Malacostraca Malacostraca comes from the Greek malakós pregnant soft and óstrakon meaning beat out.[51] The name is misleading, since normally the trounce is hard, and is soft but briefly after moulting.[52]
Gnathophausia zoea.jpg Lophogastrida 56 These marine pelagic shrimp make upwards the guild Lophogastrida. They mostly inhabit relatively deep pelagic waters throughout the world. Similar the related opossum shrimp, females lophogastrida carry a brood pouch.[53]
OdontodactylusScyllarus2.jpg mantis shrimp 400 Mantis shrimp, and so called because they resemble a praying mantis, make up the order Stomatopoda. They grow up to 38 cm (15 in) long, and can be vividly coloured. Some have powerful spiked claws which they punch into their casualty, stunning, spearing and dismembering them. They take been chosen "pollex splitters" because of the severe gashes they can inflict if handled carelessly.[54]
Hemimysis anomala GLERL 4.jpg opossum shrimp ane,000 Opossum shrimp vest to the order Mysida. They are called opossum shrimp because the females carry a brood pouch. Usually less than 3 cm long, they are not closely related to caridean or penaeid shrimp. They are widespread in marine waters, and are also establish in some stagnant and freshwater habitats in the Northern hemisphere. Marine mysids tin form large swarms and are an important source of food for many fish. Some freshwater mysids are found in groundwater and anchialine caves.[53] [55]
Pariambus typicus.jpg skeleton shrimp Skeleton shrimp, sometimes known as ghost shrimp, are amphipods. Their threadlike slender bodies allow them to near disappear among fine filaments in seaweed. Males are ordinarily much larger than females.[56] [57] For a good account of a specific species, see Caprella mutica.
Ostracoda Ostracod comes from the Greek óstrakon meaning trounce. In this case, the shells are in two parts, like those of bivalves or clams.
Ostracod.JPG seed shrimp 13,000 Seed shrimp brand upwardly the class Ostracoda. This is a grade of numerous small crustacean species which look similar seeds, typically about 1 millimetre (0.04 in) in size. Their carapace looks like a clam shell, with two parts held together by a swivel to permit the shell to open and shut. Some marine seed shrimp migrate equally pelagic plankton, but nearly live on the sea flooring and burrow in the upper sediment layer. At that place are too freshwater and terrestrial species. The grade includes carnivores, herbivores, filter feeders and scavengers.[58]

Some mantis shrimp are a human foot long, and have bulging eyes, a flattened tail and formidable claws equipped with clubs or precipitous spikes, which it tin use to knock out its opponents.[12] [54]

Homo uses

History

The Shrimp Girl by William Hogarth, circa 1740–1745, balances on her head a large handbasket of shrimp and mussels, which she is selling on the streets of London

Commercial production of shrimps (and prawns) in million tonnes as reported by the FAO, 1950–2009[59]

In 1991, archeologists suggested that ancient raised paved areas about the coast in Chiapas, Mexico, were platforms used for drying shrimp in the sunday, and that next clay hearths were used to dry the shrimp when there was no sun.[sixty] [61] The prove was coexisting, because the chitinous shells of shrimp are so sparse they dethrone rapidly, leaving no fossil remains. In 1985 Quitmyer and others plant direct evidence dating back to 600 AD for shrimping off the southeastern declension of North America, by successfully identifying shrimp from the archaeological remains of their mandibles (jaws).[62] [63] [64] Clay vessels with shrimp decorations take been plant in the ruins of Pompeii.[64] In the 3rd century Advertizing, the Greek author Athenaeus wrote in his literary work, Deipnosophistae; "... of all fish the daintiest is a young shrimp in fig leaves."[65]

In North America, indigenous peoples of the Americas captured shrimp and other crustaceans in fishing weirs and traps made from branches and Spanish moss, or used nets woven with fibre beaten from plants. At the aforementioned time early European settlers, oblivious to the "poly peptide-rich coasts" all about them, starved from lack of protein.[64] In 1735 beach seines were imported from French republic, and Cajun fishermen in Louisiana started catching white shrimp and drying them in the sun, as they still practice today.[64] In the mid nineteenth century, Chinese immigrants arrived for the California Gold Rush, many from the Pearl River Delta where netting small shrimp had been a tradition for centuries. Some immigrants starting catching shrimp local to San Francisco Bay, specially the modest inch long Crangon franciscorum. These shrimp burrow into the sand to hide, and can be present in high numbers without appearing to be and then. The catch was dried in the sun and was exported to China or sold to the Chinese community in the United States.[64] This was the showtime of the American shrimping manufacture. Overfishing and pollution from golden mine tailings resulted in the reject of the fishery. It was replaced past a penaeid white shrimp fishery on the South Atlantic and Gulf coasts. These shrimp were so abundant that beaches were piled with windrows from their moults. Modern industrial shrimping methods originated in this expanse.[64]

""For shrimp to develop into i of the globe's most popular foods, information technology took the simultaneous evolution of the otter trawl... and the internal combustion engine."[64] Shrimp trawling can capture shrimp in huge volumes by dragging a net along the seafloor. Trawling was get-go recorded in England in 1376, when King Edward 3 received a request that he ban this new and subversive way of fishing.[66] In 1583, the Dutch banned shrimp trawling in estuaries.[67]

In the 1920s, diesel engines were adapted for use in shrimp boats. Power winches were connected to the engines, and only small crews were needed to chop-chop lift heavy nets on lath and empty them. Shrimp boats became larger, faster, and more capable. New fishing grounds could be explored, trawls could be deployed in deeper offshore waters, and shrimp could be tracked and caught round the year, instead of seasonally as in earlier times. Larger boats trawled offshore and smaller boats worked bays and estuaries. Past the 1960s, steel and fibreglass hulls further strengthened shrimp boats, so they could trawl heavier nets, and steady advances in electronics, radar, sonar, and GPS resulted in more sophisticated and capable shrimp fleets.[64]

Every bit shrimp fishing methods industrialised, parallel changes were happening in the style shrimp were processed. "In the 19th century, sunday dried shrimp were largely replaced by canneries. In the 20th century, the canneries were replaced with freezers."[64]

In the 1970s, significant shrimp farming was initiated, peculiarly in Communist china. The farming accelerated during the 1980s as the quantity of shrimp demand exceeded the quantity supplied, and every bit excessive bycatch and threats to endangered sea turtles became associated with trawling for wild shrimp.[64] In 2007, the production of farmed shrimp exceeded the capture of wild shrimp.[59]

Commercial species

Although at that place are thousands of species of shrimp worldwide, only most 20 of these species are commercially significant. The following table contains the principal commercial shrimp, the seven most harvested species. All of them are decapods; virtually of them belong to the Dendrobranchiata and four of them are penaeid shrimp.

Master commercial shrimp species
Group Common name Scientific name Clarification Max length (mm) Depth (m) Habitat FAO WoRMS 2010 product (chiliad tonnes)
wild farmed total
Dendrobranchiata Whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) The most extensively farmed species of shrimp. 230 0–72 marine, estuarine [68] [69] [70] 1 2721 2722
Giant tiger prawn Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798 336 0–110 marine, estuarine [71] [72] [73] 210 782 992
Akiami paste shrimp Acetes japonicus Kishinouye, 1905 Most intensively fished species. They are small with black eyes and blood-red spots on the uropods.[74] Just a minor corporeality is sold fresh, most is dried, salted or fermented.[74] 30 shallow marine [75] [76] [77] 574 574
Southern rough shrimp Trachysalambria curvirostris (Stimpson, 1860) Easier to grab at night, and fished only in waters less than 60 g (200 ft) deep.[78] Most of the harvest is landed in China.[79] 98 13–150 marine [80] [81] [82] 294 294
Fleshy prawn Fenneropenaeus chinensis (Osbeck, 1765) Trawled in Asia where it is sold frozen. Exported to Western Europe. Cultured past Japan and South korea in ponds.[83] 183 90–180 marine [83] [84] [85] 108 45 153
Assistant prawn Fenneropenaeus merguiensis (De Man, 1888) Typically trawled in the wild and frozen, with well-nigh catches made past Indonesia. Commercially important in Australia, Pakistan and the Persian Gulf. Cultured in Indonesia and Thailand. In India it tends to be dislocated with Fenneropenaeus indicus, and so its economic status is unclear.[86] 240 x–45 marine, estuarine [86] [87] [88] 93 20 113
Caridea Northern prawn Pandalus borealis (Krøyer, 1838) Widely fished since the early 1900s in Norway, and later in other countries following Johan Hjort's practical discoveries of how to locate them. They take a short life which contributes to a variable stock on a yearly basis. They are not considered overfished. 165 20–1380 marine [89] [90] [91] 361 361
All other species

1490

220

1710
Combined total 3129 3788 6917

Line-fishing

Double-rigged shrimp trawler with one net up and the other being brought aboard

Traditional shrimper with a shrimp net

Global wild capture, 1950–2010, in million tonnes, as reported past the FAO[59]

Commercial techniques for catching wild shrimp include otter trawls, seines and shrimp baiting. A system of nets is used when trawling. Baited traps are common in parts of the Pacific Northwest.

Shrimp trawling tin can result in very high incidental catch rates of non-target species. In 1997, the FAO institute discard rates up to 20 pounds for every pound of shrimp. The world average was five.7 pounds for every pound of shrimp.[92] Trawl nets in general, and shrimp trawls in particular, take been identified as sources of bloodshed for species of finfish and cetaceans.[93] Bycatch is often discarded dead or dying by the fourth dimension it is returned to the sea, and may change the ecological balance in discarded regions.[94] Worldwide, shrimp trawl fisheries generate about two% of the world's catch of fish in weight, merely result in more than than one third of the global bycatch full.

The nearly extensively fished species are the akiami paste shrimp, the northern prawn, the southern rough shrimp, and the giant tiger prawn. Together these 4 species account for nearly one-half of the full wild capture. In recent years, the global capture of wild shrimp has been overtaken by the harvest from farmed shrimp.[59]

Farming

The whiteleg shrimp (juvenile shown) has get the preferred species for shrimp farming.

Global aquaculture production 1970–2009, in 1000000 tonnes, as reported by the FAO[59]

A shrimp farm is an aquaculture business for the cultivation of marine shrimp or prawns for man consumption. Commercial shrimp farming began in the 1970s, and production grew steeply, particularly to match the market demands of the United states, Japan and Western Europe. The full global production of farmed shrimp reached more than than 1.vi one thousand thousand tonnes in 2003, representing a value of most 9 billion U.South. dollars. About 75% of farmed shrimp are produced in Asia, in particular in China, Thailand, Republic of indonesia, India and Vietnam. The other 25% are produced mainly in Latin America, where Brazil is the largest producer. By 2016, the largest exporting nation is India, followed past Ecuador, Thailand, Indonesia and Cathay.[95]

As can exist seen from the global production chart on the left, significant aquaculture production started slowly in the 1970s and then rapidly expanded during the 1980s. Later on a lull in growth during the 1990s, due to pathogens, production took off again and by 2007 exceeded the capture from wild fisheries. By 2010, the aquaculture harvest was 3.nine million tonnes, compared to three.1 one thousand thousand tonnes for the capture of wild shrimp.[59]

In the earlier years of marine shrimp farming the preferred species was the large giant tiger prawn. This species is reared in circular belongings tanks where they think they are in the open ocean, and swim in "never catastrophe migration" around the circumference of the tank.[96] In 2000, global production was 630,984 tonnes, compared to only 146,362 tonnes for whiteleg shrimp. Subsequently, these positions reversed, and by 2010 the production of giant tiger prawn increased modestly to 781,581 tonnes while whiteleg shrimp rocketed nearly twenty-fold to 2,720,929 tonnes.[59] The whiteleg shrimp is currently the dominant species in shrimp farming. Information technology is a moderately big shrimp reaching a total length of 230 mm (9"), and is specially suited to farming because it "breeds well in captivity, tin be stocked at pocket-size sizes, grows fast and at uniform rates, has comparatively low protein requirements... and adapts well to variable environmental conditions."[97] In Communist china, prawns are cultured along with sea cucumbers and some fish species, in integrated multi-trophic systems.

The major producer of farmed shrimp is People's republic of china. Other significant producers are Thailand, Indonesia, India, Vietnam, Brazil, Ecuador and People's republic of bangladesh. Almost farmed shrimp is exported to the United States, the European Union and Japan,[98] also other Asian markets, including Southward Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore.[95]

Investigations by The Guardian in 2014 and The Associated Press in 2015 establish human rights abuses on fishing boats operated past Thailand. The boats are manned with slaves, and catch shrimp and fish (including fish for the production of fishmeal which is fed to farmed prawns).[99] [100] Greenpeace has challenged the sustainability of tropical shrimp farming practices on the grounds that farming these species "has led to the destruction of vast areas of mangroves in several countries [and] over-fishing of juvenile shrimp from the wild to supply farms." Greenpeace has placed a number of the prominent tropical shrimp species that are farmed commercially on its seafood crimson list, including the whiteleg shrimp, Indian prawn and giant tiger shrimp.[101]

As nutrient

Shrimp tail fix for eating

Shrimp are marketed and commercialized with several issues in listen. Well-nigh shrimp are sold frozen and marketed based on their categorization of presentation, grading, colour, and uniformity.[102] Shrimp have high levels of omega-3 fat acids and low levels of mercury.[103] Unremarkably shrimp is sold whole, though sometimes only the meat of shrimp is marketed.

As with other seafood, shrimp is high in calcium, iodine and poly peptide simply low in food free energy. A shrimp-based meal is also a significant source of cholesterol, from 122 mg to 251 mg per 100 k of shrimp, depending on the method of preparation.[104] Shrimp consumption, however, is considered healthy for the circulatory organisation because the lack of significant levels of saturated fat in shrimp means that the high cholesterol content in shrimp actually improves the ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol and lowers triglycerides.[105]

Ebiko - shrimp roe, sometimes translated as "shrimp flakes" - is used every bit one of the ingredients in the preparation of sushi.[106]

Shrimp and other shellfish are amid the near common food allergens.[107] They are not kosher and thus are forbidden in Jewish cuisine.

Aquaria

Several types of shrimp are kept in home aquaria. Some are purely ornamental, while others are useful in controlling algae and removing debris.[108] Freshwater shrimp commonly bachelor for aquaria include the Bamboo shrimp, Japanese marsh shrimp (Caridina multidentata, also called "Amano shrimp," as their use in aquaria was pioneered by Takashi Amano), cherry shrimp (Neocaridina heteropoda), and ghost or drinking glass shrimp (Palaemonetes spp.). Popular saltwater shrimp include the cleaner shrimp Lysmata amboinensis, the burn shrimp (Lysmata debelius) and the harlequin shrimp (Hymenocera picta).

Freshwater aquaria variant shrimp come up in many colours

The Caridina cantonensis snow white shrimp is a white freshwater shrimp.

The "Neocaridina heteropoda var. red" carmine shrimp is particularly easy to keep and brood.

The "Neocaridina zhanghjiajiensis var. blue" pearl shrimp is closely related to the cherry shrimp.

The Caridina cantonensis tiger shrimp is transparent with black stripes.

The Caridina cantonensis cerise tiger shrimp is transparent with ruddy stripes and is institute in southern China.

The popular Caridina cantonensis crystal red bee shrimp has broad red and white stripes.

Shrimp versus prawn

The terms shrimp and prawn are common names, non scientific names. They are vernacular or colloquial terms which lack the formal definition of scientific terms. They are non taxa, but are terms of convenience with little circumscriptional significance. There is no reason to avoid using the terms shrimp or prawn when user-friendly, but information technology is important not to confuse them with the names or relationships of actual taxa.[12]

According to the crustacean taxonomist Tin-Yam Chan, "The terms shrimp and prawn have no definite reference to whatever known taxonomic groups. Although the term shrimp is sometimes applied to smaller species, while prawn is more often used for larger forms, there is no clear stardom between both terms and their usage is often dislocated or even reverse in different countries or regions."[109] Writing in 1980, L. B. Holthuis noted that the terms prawn and shrimp were used inconsistently "even inside a unmarried region", generalising that larger species fished commercially were generally chosen shrimp in the Us, and prawns in other English-speaking countries, although not without exceptions.[110]

A bigclaw river shrimp. Prawns are sometimes said to be large shrimp or alternatively freshwater shrimp, but this large, freshwater animal is a caridean shrimp, and is rarely referred to every bit a prawn.

A lot of confusion surrounds the telescopic of the term shrimp. Part of the defoliation originates with the clan of smallness. That creates problems with shrimp-similar species that are non small. The expression "jumbo shrimp" can exist viewed as an oxymoron, a problem that does not exist with the commercial designation "jumbo prawns".[111]

The term shrimp originated effectually the 14th century with the Center English shrimpe , akin to the Middle Low German language schrempen , and pregnant to contract or wrinkle; and the Old Norse skorpna , meaning to shrivel up, or skreppa, pregnant a thin person.[112] [113] It is not clear where the term prawn originated, simply early forms of the word surfaced in England in the early 15th century equally prayne, praine and prane.[114] [115] [116] According to the linguist Anatoly Liberman it is unclear how shrimp, in English, came to exist associated with small. "No Germanic language associates the shrimp with its size... The same holds for Romance... it remains unclear in what circumstances the name was applied to the crustacean."[117]

Taxonomic studies in Europe on shrimp and prawns were shaped past the mutual shrimp and the common prawn, both found in huge numbers along the European coastlines. The common shrimp, Crangon crangon, was categorised in 1758 past Carl Linnaeus, and the common prawn, Palaemon serratus, was categorised in 1777 by Thomas Pennant. The common shrimp is a modest burrowing species aligned with the notion of a shrimp as being something small, whereas the common prawn is much larger. The terms truthful shrimp or true prawn are sometimes used to mean what a particular person thinks is a shrimp or prawn.[12] This varies with the person using the terms. But such terms are not normally used in the scientific literature, because the terms shrimp and prawn themselves lack scientific standing. Over the years the way shrimp and prawn are used has changed, and nowadays the terms are almost interchangeable. Although from fourth dimension to time some biologists declare that certain common names should be bars to specific taxa, the popular use of these names seems to go along unchanged.[12] [118]

Fossils

Only 57 exclusively fossil species are known in the shrimp fossil record.[35] The earliest dates from the Lower Jurassic, followed past specimens from the Cretaceous.[119]

See likewise

  • Pain in crustaceans

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Further reading

  • Bauer, Raymond T (2004) "Remarkable Shrimps: Adaptations and Natural History of the Carideans" University of Oklahoma Printing. ISBN 9780806135557.
  • R. Gillett (2008). Global Study of Shrimp Fisheries. Rome, Italy: Food and Agronomics Organization. ISBN978-92-5-106053-7. Fisheries Technical Paper 475.
  • Fransen CHJM and De Grave South (2009) "Evolution and radiation of shrimp-like decapods: an overview" In: Martin J.W., Crandall Yard.A., Felder D.Fifty. (eds.), Decapod Crustacean Phylogenetics. CRC Press, pp. 246–259.
  • Kaplan, Eugene H (2010) Sensuous Seas: Tales of a Marine Biologist Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125602.
  • Meyer R, Lochner Due south and Melzer RR (2009) Decapoda – Crabs, Shrimps & Lobsters Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine pp. 623–670 In: Häussermann V and Förstera G (eds) Marine Benthic Fauna of Chilean Patagonia: Illustrated Identification Guide", Nature in Focus. ISBN 9789563322446.
  • Poore, Gary (2004) Marine Decapod Crustacea of Southern Australia: A Guide to Identification" Csiro Publishing. ISBN 9780643099258.
  • Fearnley-Whittingstall, H and Fisher North (2007) The River Cottage Fish Book Page 541–543, Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780747588696.
  • Roberts, Callum (2009) The unnatural history of the body of water Island Press. ISBN 9781597265775.
  • Rudloe, Jack and Rudloe, Anne (2009) Shrimp: The Endless Quest for Pink Gold FT Press. ISBN 9780137009725.
  • Ruppert EE, Play a trick on RS and Barnes RD (2004) Invertebrate zoology: A functional evolutionary arroyo 7th edition, Thomson-Brooks/Cole. ISBN 9780030259821.
  • Frederick Schram (1986). The Crustacea (PDF). Oxford University Printing. ISBN978-90-04-12918-4. [ permanent expressionless link ]

External links

  • "Internal and External Beefcake of a Penaeid Shrimp" [ permanent dead link ] Fisheries Technical Newspaper 395, FAO, Rome.
  • Shrimp versus prawn
  • shrimp,lobster,crab ngrams
  • Nuvola apps kaboodle.svg Shrimp versus prawns – YouTube
  • "Shrimp". The New Student'due south Reference Work. 1914.

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